List the principal structures of the ventilatory system. Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and alveoli. Cross-reference to 1.2.2. 2.1.2 Outline the functions of the conducting airways. Limit to low resistance pathway for airflow, defense against chemicals and other harmful substances that are inhaled, warming and moistening the air. 2.1.3 Define the terms pulmonary ventilation, total lung capacity(TLC), vital capacity (VC), tidal volume (TV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) and residual Volume (RV). 2.1.4 Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs Include the actions of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles and the relationship between volume and pressure. Students should be aware that accessory muscles are also important during strenuous exercise 2.1.5 Describe nervous and chemical control of ventilation during exercise Limit to ventilation increases as a direct result of increases in blood acidity levels (low pH) due to increased carbon dioxide content of the blood detected by the respiratory center. This results in an increase in the rate and depth of ventilation. Neural control of ventilation includes lung stretch receptors, muscle proprioceptors, and chemoreceptors. The role of H+ ions and reference to the partial pressure of oxygen are not required 2.1.6 Outline the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport Most (98.5%) of oxygen in the blood is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin within red blood cells 2.1.7 Explain the process of gaseous exchange at the alveoli