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28 Pages Complete Study Notes Year Uploaded: 2023

This helped portfolio investors to invest their funds in a wide range of assets over different parts of the world, on their own risk, on their own estimates. This helped the borrower in borrowing funds economically from different parts of the world at competitive level, minimizing all costs. Competition in international financial markets resulted in efficient and effective operations. Emergence of international financial markets stock markets etc., resulted reducing the importance of national markets. Another remarkable change was in the field of securitization and disintermediation. Competition resulted financial service industry also. Borrowers began to borrow directly by issuing new variety of securities like depository receipt etc. The importance of intermediaries reduced and resulted in disintermediation. Underwriting commission, brokerage etc reduced and the hegemony of US financial institutions also reduced. One aspect of this securitization process has been the increase in corporate bond issue, which has also coincided with a diminishing supply of government bonds in many countries, particularly in the United States.


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