Lecture 9: Delegated Legislation 8 What is delegated legislation? 8 Can be found in… 8 Section 5 –Legislative Instruments Act 2003 (Cth) 8 Meaning of ‘Legislative Character’ 8 Why does delegated legislation exist? 8 CONSTITUTION PARENT LEGISLATION DELEGATED LEGISLATION DECISION 9 Constitution + Parent Act 9 Implementation 9 Public consultation 10 Publication 10 Parliamentary review 10 Sun-set Clauses 10 Del leg must be within Scope of parent act 10 Decisions 12 What to do if unhappy with a decision made under delegated legislation. 12 Lecture 10: Judicial Review- An Introduction 13 Previously…. 13 Today’s class… 13 Recall… 13 Separation of Powers 13 The Executive 13 Who is the Executive? 13 The Executive includes: 14 How are decisions of the Executive regulated? 14 Scope of Administrative Law 14 What is Administrative Law? 14 Authority? Accountability? Both? 15 Purpose of Administrative Law? 15 Scope 15 Two main types of review 15 Mapping Review Mechanisms 16 Recall: Historical Reforms 16 Mechanisms for administrative law review 17 Judicial Review: An Introduction 17 Introducing JR 17 What is Judicial Review? 17 Stages of Judicial Review 17 Judicial review: threshold issues 18 Jurisdiction 18 Jurisdiction: What is it? 18 Jurisdiction & Judicial Review 18 1. Jurisdiction (High Court): Commonwealth Constitution 19 Constitution: Section 75 19 Section 75(v) CC 19 Summary: Key elements s75(v) CC 20 2. Jurisdiction (Federal Court)- Judiciary Act, ADJR Act. 21 Federal Court 21 Constitutional Judicial Review? Modern Trend 21 ‘Constitutional’ Judicial Review 21 Jurisdiction (NSW) 22 Jurisdiction – State Courts 22 Lecture 11: Judicial Review: Jurisdiction (ADJR) & Standing 23 Recall: Judicial review process 23 Recall: Courts & Jurisdiction 23 ADJR Act Jurisdiction 23 Mechanisms for administrative law review 23 Section 8 Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (‘ADJR’) 23 Section 5 ADJR: ‘Decisions’ 24 Section 6 ADJR: ‘Conduct’ 24 Section 7 ADJR: ‘Failure to make a decision’ 24 Section 3 ADJR ‘A decision…’ 24 S3(1): ADJR test for jurisdiction 24 1. What is a ‘decision’? 25 ‘decision’ v’s ‘conduct’? 25 2. ‘administrative character’? 25 3. ‘under an enactment’? 26 Summary: ADJR jurisdiction 26 Concluding jurisdiction 27 Recall: Courts & Jurisdiction 27 ADJR & CL Jurisdiction? 27 Reminder: Privatisation issue 27 Impediments to Jurisdiction? 27 Threshold Issues…. 27 Merits/Legality: SOP 27 Justiciability 28 Standing 28 Standing: Function & Purpose? 28 Standing: ADJR v’s CL? 28 Standing (CL): Summary 28 ACF & public interest groups? 29 After ACF – implications? 29 Standing under ADJR: s 3(4) 30 Lecture 12: Judicial Review: Common law Jurisdiction 31 Judicial Review: An Overview 31 Recall: What is Judicial Review? 31 Stages of Judicial Review 31 Judicial review: threshold issues 32 Jurisdiction 32 Recall: Jurisdiction: What is it? 32 Common Law jurisdiction 32 Common law? 32 1. Jurisdiction (High Court): Commonwealth Constitution 33 Mechanisms for administrative law review 33 Constitution: Section 75 33 Section 75(v) CC 34 3 key elements to s75(v)CC 34 Summary: Key elements s75(v) CC 36 Constitutional Judicial Review? Modern Trend 36 ‘Constitutional’ Judicial Review 36 2. Jurisdiction (Federal Court) 36 Judiciary Act, ADJR Act. 36 Mechanisms for administrative law review 37 Federal Court 37 S39B Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) 37 s39B Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) 38 s39B(1A)(c) Judiciary Act 38 3. CL Jurisdiction (NSW) 39 Mechanisms for administrative law review 39 Jurisdiction – State Courts 39 Section 23 SCA 1970 (NSW) 39 Section 69 SCAct 1970 (NSW) 39 CL Jurisdiction: Summary 40 Common law? 40 ADJR Act Jurisdiction 40 Mechanisms for administrative law review 41 Administrative Decisions Judicial Review Act (Cth) (1977) (‘ADJR’) 41 Section 8 Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (‘ADJR’) 41 Section 5 ADJR: ‘Decisions’ 41 Section 6 ADJR: ‘Conduct’ 41 Section 7 ADJR: ‘Failure to make a decision’ 42 ADJR Act Jurisdiction? 42 Section 3 ADJR ‘A decision…’ 42 1. ‘decision’ v’s ‘conduct’? 43 Summary: ADJR jurisdiction 44 Concluding jurisdiction 45 Recall: Courts & Jurisdiction 45 ADJR & CL Jurisdiciton? 45 Lecture 13- Remedies 46 Standing: 46 ACF v Cth: 46 Standing under ADJR 46 Complicating factor? 46 Jurisdictional error v’s non-jurisdictional error 46 Getting our bearings 47 Recall: Judicial review process 47 Consequences of a Breach? 47 Different possible outcomes. 47 Project Blue Sky (1998) 194 CLR 355 48 Minister for Immigration v Bhardwaj (2002) 209 CLR 597 48 Remedies 49 Questions to consider 49 Our task 49 What is a public law remedy? 49 What are the remedies? 49 Different jurisdictional avenues 49 1. Prerogative Writs (CL) Common Law 50 In the beginning? Prerogative Writs 50 The Remedies: Certiorari (‘C’) 50 The Remedies: Prohibition (‘P’) 51 The Remedies: Mandamus (‘M’) 51 The Remedies: Habeus Corpus (‘H’) 51 The Remedies: Injunctions (‘I’) 51 The Remedies: Declarations (‘D’) 52 Issue: Standing & Remedies 52 Issue: Damages? 52 2. Constitutional Remedies Common Law 52 Recall: Constitution, section 75 52 Constitutional Remedial Model 53 Something’s missing…. 53 S75 & JE 53 ‘Constitutional writs’ 53 3. ADJR remedies ADJR, section 16 53 ADJR remedies (s16) 53 ADJRA remedies (s16) 53 Summary of Remedies 54 Discretion? 54 Example? 54 Lecture 14: Errors of Law 55 Recall: Judicial review process 55 Grounds of Judicial Review 55 Reminder: Section 5(1) ADJR 55 Categorising grounds of review 56 Over-arching concepts 56 Key distinctions- A brief revisit 56 Some important distinctions 56 Law/fact distinction 56 Law/fact Distinction 57 General Principles- A brief revisit 57 Recall 57 Principle of legality 58 Error of law? 58 Error of law: Common law 58 Error of law (CL) 58 Error of law (CL) - NSW 59 Error of law (ADJR) 59 Summary: Error of law? 59 Jurisdictional Fact- A particular type of Jurisdictional Error 59 Jurisdictional fact 59 Jurisdictional Error 60 JE: multiple meanings 60 Jurisdictional error: what is it? 60 What is jurisdictional error? (‘JE’) 60 JE: historical operation 60 England: Anisminic ‘broadening’ of JE 61 In Australia: Craig v SA (1995) 61 Craig: JE & Certiorari 61 JE: Different with different DM 61 JE and s75(v) 62 Recall: JE summary 62 Bringing it all together 62 ADJR: JE, non-JE & errors of law? 62 Lecture 15 – Grounds of Review: Procedural fairness 63 Grounds of Judicial Review 63 Grounds of Review: an introduction 63 Catergorising grounds of review 63 Procedural Fairness: A ‘procedural’ ground of judicial review 63 Procedural fairness: Overview 63 Background: Natural Justice 64 Natural Justice…. 64 …and procedural fairness 64 Procedural Fairness & ADJR 64 1. Does PF apply? Threshold question of procedural fairness 65 Procedural Fairness – Hearing Rule 65 LE before Kioa v West 65 Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550 65 LE: Kioa & beyond 66 2. Has PF been excluded? Exclusion question of procedural fairness 67 Exclusions of procedural fairness: Construction of the statute 68 Summary: Hearing rule so far… 68 Kioa v West: Recap 68 Lecture 16- Procedural Fairness continued: Hearing Rule (content) & Bias Rule 70 Recall: Judicial review process 70 Kioa v West: Recap 70 3. Content of PF (Hearing Rule) 70 Duty and content of Hearing Rule? 71 Duty and Content (generally) 71 Core content element 72 LE shift: From threshold to content 72 Content - summary of cases 73 Outcome? 73 Rule against Bias: Ground of Procedural Fairness continues 73 PF Grounds (cont): The Bias Rule 73 1. Actual Bias? 74 2. Apprehended bias 74 Circumstances of bias ….? 75 Issue - Different decision-makers 75 Some further issues… 75 Exceptions to the Bias Rule 75 Consequences? 75 Concluding Procedural Fairness 76 Lecture 17- Grounds of Judicial Review: Consideration & Purpose 77 Recall: Judicial review process 77 S 5(1) ADJR – Grounds listed [see s6(1) and 7(1) also] 77 Errors of law & JE: CL plus, see ss5(1)(c),(d) & (f) ADJR 78 Grounds of Judicial Review 78 Grounds of Review: a reminder 78 Catergorising grounds of review 78 Grounds: Classification? 78 Reasoning grounds 79 Consideration Grounds 79 (If helpful, classified as a ‘reasoning’ ground or ‘reasoning process’ ground) 79 Relevancy or ‘considerations’ grounds 79 Section 5(1)(e) & Section 5(2) 79 S 5(1)(e) ADJR 80 Section 5(2) ADJR 80 Ss 5(1)(e) & 5(2)(a) & (b) ADJR 80 Consideration grounds: CL & ADJR 80 Ask 3 questions… 81 Relevant considerations? (s 5(1)(e), s5(2)(b)) 81 Irrelevant considerations? (s 5(2)(a)) 84 Consideration Grounds 85 Unauthorised or ‘Improper’ Purpose 85 (If helpful, classified as a ‘reasoning process’ ground) 85 Acting for an Unauthorised Purpose 85 Two steps 86 Multiple purposes? 87 Bad Faith 87 (If helpful, classified as a ‘reasoning’ ground) 87 Fraud (If helpful, classified as a ‘reasoning’ ground) 87 Lecture 18- Grounds of Delegation, Dictation and Policy 89 Identity of Decision-Maker Grounds: Delegation, Dictation, Policy 89 Reminder: Classification of Grounds 89 Reminder: S 5(1) ADJR [s6(1) too] 89 Reminder: S5(2) ADJR [s6(2) too] 90 Procedural Error (A ‘procedural’ ground) 90 Procedural Error 90 Procedural Error: How determine? 90 Procedural Error: Leading cases 90 Unauthorised delegation (A ‘reasoning process’ ground) 91 The rule against delegation 91 Exception? 91 Exception? Carltona Principle 92 Exception? 92 Acting under dictation (A ‘reasoning process’ ground) 93 Acting under dictation 93 Acting under dictation: Factors? 93 Acting under dictation: examples 93 Inflexible policies (A ‘reasoning process’ ground) 93 Policy? 93 Inflexible Policies: Rules 94 Inflexible Policies: Factors 94 Illegally fettering discretion 95 Policy under other grounds 95 Lecture 19- Restricting Judicial Review: Privative Clauses 97 Final Grounds 97 Reminder: S 5(1) ADJR [s6(1) too] 97 For completeness: S 5(3) ADJR 98 No evidence rule- A ‘procedural’ ground 98 No evidence rule (CL) 98 Section 5 ADJR: No evidence rule 98 No evidence rule (ADJR) 98 Interaction of sections? 99 Uncertainty- (A ‘decisional’ ground) 99 Uncertainty: test 99 Uncertainty: example 99 Unreasonableness- (A ‘decisional’ ground) 100 Wednesbury Unreasonableness 100 Some difficulties… 100 Irrationality? - (A ‘decisional’ ground) 100 Irrationality and Serious Illogicality? 100 S20 101 S20 (cont): A new ground? 101 MIAC v SZMDS (2010) 101 Abuse of power- (A ‘decisional’ ground) 102 Abuse of power 102 Ending grounds of JR 102 Multiple Grounds? Final thoughts 102 Restricting Judicial Review? Limits to Judicial Review 102 Restricting Judicial Review 102 Privative Clauses- Limits to Judicial Review 102 What is a privative clause? 102 Reasons for Caution around PC? 103 Rationales for Privative Clauses? 103 Different forms… 103 For example 103 Judicial treatment of PC’s? 103 Constitutional Foundations of Judicial Review - Section 75(v) CC 103 Recall: S75(v) Cth Constitution 104 If PC, how interpret s75(v)CC? 104 S75(v): Entrenched minimum 104 State constitutional protection? 104 Harmonisation of State/Cth 104 Historical Position- WARNING: No longer the current state of the law 104 Interpreting PC’s: Historically 104 R v Hickman (1945) 70 CLR 598 105 The ‘Hickman principle’ 105 Current Position: Federal- As set out in Plaintiff S157 105 Remember s474? PC in S157… 105 Plaintiff S157/2002 v Cth (2003) 211 CLR 476 105 Plaintiff S157: Conclusions 106 After S157? Implications for PC? 106 Jurisdictional error (revisited)- Section 75(v) CC 107 Jurisdictional error? 107 JE: multiple meanings 107 JE and s75(v) 107 Jurisdictional Error summary 107 Current Position: State- As set out in Kirk 107 PC in state legislation? 107 Leading authority: Kirk 108 Alternatives to PC? - Other limits to JR 108 Other limits to JR 108 Conclusion 108 REVISION LECTURE 110 Steps: 110 1. Jurisdiction 110 2. Standing 110 4. Remedies and Privative clauses together. 110 5. Grounds 111 6. Conclusion make clear remedies 111