Study notes on carriers of energy for physics test: Outcome 1: Understand that energy is required to make things happen or to make things change and define energy as the ability to do work. Outcome 2: Identify various forms of energy such as kinetic, thermal (heat), light, sound, electric, potential (including gravitational, elastic, chemical and nuclear potential energy). Outcome 3: Recognise that energy can be transferred from one object to another and/or transformed from one type of energy to another, and draw energy chains to show these energy transfers and transformations. Outcome 4: State the Law of Conservation of energy and apply this principle to solve problems. Outcome 5: Understand that work describes the transfer of energy through a force, and calculate work using the formula: W=Fs Outcome 6: Understand that gravitational potential energy relates to the height of an object above the ground, and calculate gravitational potential energy using the formula: GPE = mgh Outcome 7: Understand that kinetic energy relates to the velocity and mass of an object, and calculate kinetic energy using the formula: KE = 1⁄2 mv2 Outcome 8: Identify that waves transfer energy. Outcome 9: Analyse energy inputs, outputs, transfers and transformations occurring in a system (e.g. a pendulum, a satellite in orbit about a central body, the solar system, the Earth, ecosystems, cities) Outcome 10: Describe how thermal (heat) energy can be used to do useful work. Outcome 11: Describe thermal (heat) energy as the internal energy of an object due to the kinetic energy of its atoms and/or molecules. Outcome 12: Describe how energy is degraded and explain why no machine can ever be 100% efficient. Outcome 13: Define efficiency as the percentage of energy converted into useful work during an energy transformation Outcome 14: Define power as the rate that energy is used or that work is done Outcome 15: Discuss the importance of energy efficient devices and link this to the concept of sustainability Outcome 16: Describe average velocity as the displacement in a certain time Outcome 17: Describe acceleration/deceleration as the change in velocity in a certain time Outcome 18: Analyse motion graphs showing displacement v time and velocity v time. Outcome 19: Describe the effect of air resistance on falling bodies. Outcome 20: Define inertia as the tendency of an object to resist changes in its motion and recognise that the inertia of an object depends only on its mass. Outcome 21: State and apply Newton's 1s t law (law of inertia). Outcome 22: State Newton's 2n d law and solve problems using the formula: F = ma Outcome 23: State and apply Newton's 3r d law (action & reaction). Outcome 24: Draw, interpret and analyse force diagrams, (free body diagrams). Outcome 25: Identify situations where both balanced and unbalanced forces are acting and describe the effect of these forces.